viernes, 10 de diciembre de 2010

MENINGITIS

Es una infección bacteriana de las membranas que cubren el cerebro y la médula espinal (meninges).

CAUSAS

Las causas más comunes de meningitis son las infecciones virales que generalmente mejoran sin tratamiento. Sin embargo, las infecciones meningíticas bacterianas son extremadamente graves y pueden producir la muerte o daño cerebral incluso con tratamiento.
La meningitis también puede ser causada por:
  • Irritación química
  • Alergias a medicamentos
  • Hongos
  • Tumores
Los tipos abarcan:
  • Meningitis aséptica
  • Meningitis criptocócica
  • Meningitis por gramnegativos
  • Meningitis por H. influenzae
  • Meningitis debida al cáncer (meningitis carcinomatosa)
  • Meningitis meningocócica
  • Meningitis neumocócica
  • Meningitis estafilocócica
  • Meningitis sifilítica aséptica
  • Meningitis tuberculosa
La meningitis bacteriana aguda es una verdadera emergencia médica y requiere tratamiento inmediato en un hospital.
La meningitis viral es más leve y ocurre con mayor frecuencia que la meningitis bacteriana. Generalmente se desarrolla al final del verano y comienzos del otoño y con frecuencia afecta a los niños y a los adultos menores de 30 años. La mayoría de las infecciones ocurre en niños menores de 5 años. La mayoría de los casos de meningitis viral se debe a enterovirus, que son virus que también pueden causar enfermedad intestinal.

SIGNOS Y SINTOMAS

Los síntomas por lo general aparecen rápidamente y pueden abarcar:
  • Fiebre y escalofríos
  • Cambios en el estado mental
  • Náuseas y vómitos
  • Sensibilidad a la luz (fotofobia)
  • Dolor de cabeza intenso
  • Cuello rígido (meningismo)
Síntomas adicionales que pueden ocurrir con esta enfermedad:
  • Agitación
  • Fontanelas abultadas
  • Disminución del estado de conciencia
  • Alimentación deficiente o irritabilidad en niños
  • Respiración rápida
  • Postura inusual con la cabeza y el cuello arqueados hacia atrás (opistótonos)
DX

El examen físico generalmente mostrará:
  • Frecuencia cardíaca rápida
  • Fiebre
  • Cambios en el estado mental
  • Rigidez en el cuello
Los exámenes que se pueden hacer abarcan:
  • Hemocultivo
  • Radiografía de tórax
  • Análisis del LCR para conteo de células, glucosa y proteína
  • Tomografía computarizada de la cabeza
  • Tinción de Gram, otras tinciones especiales y cultivo de LCR
TRATAMIENTO

Los médicos prescriben antibióticos para la meningitis bacteriana; el tipo variará dependiendo de la bacteria causante de la infección. Los antibióticos no son eficaces contra la meningitis viral.
Se utilizan otros medicamentos y líquidos intravenosos para tratar síntomas como el edema cerebral, el shock y las crisis epilépticas. Algunas personas pueden necesitar hospitalización, dependiendo de la gravedad de la enfermedad y del tratamiento que se requiera.

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